Living in Truth:
Archaeology and the Patriarchs

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by Charles N. Pope
Copyright ©1999-2004 by Charles Pope
United States Library of Congress
All rights reserved under International and
Pan-American Copyright Conventions

Chart 1:
Comparison of King Lists from Archaeology and the Bible


King Lists from Archaeology King Lists of the Bible
Egypt Mesopotamia Torah  R/S/K/C/Joshua/Judges
Inyotef A Sargon
Tudiya
Bin-Yamina
Adam II Benjamin Israel
Montuhotep A Rimush
Adamu
  Addar
Eglon
Judah
Montuhotep I
Tepy-Ya
("The First One")
Manishtushu
Ir-Bau/Manium
Aram/Harharu
  Ir/Iri
Gera
Reuben
Montuhotep II
("The Uniter")
Mannu-Dannu
Mandaru
Seth II Ehud/Ard
Shupham
Levi
Inyotef I
("Maker of Peace")
Naram-Sin
Kitlamu
  Jerimoth
Naaman
Simeon
Inyotef II Gudea1
Ya-ngi
  Hupham
Benjamin
Benjamin/Joseph
Montuhotep III Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar /Imsu
Namzu-u
  Beker Naphtali
Inyotef III Ugme/He-ana   Bela Gad
Senusret A Didanu/Ditanu   Jediael Dan
Amenemhet I Hanu/Nam-hani
Nam-hu-u
Enosh
(Adam)
Bilhan Manasseh
Wegaf Zuabu/Zuummabu (Abel II) Jehush Zebulun
Senusret I2
Sobekhotep I?
(Kaankh-Re)
Yaahrurum/Harsu
(Ya-harurum)
Kenan/Ken
(Cain II)
Shaharaim
Kenaanah
Ephraim/
Asher
Amenemhet II Amna-nu/Nuabu Mahalalel  Judah II
Mahlah
Peresh
Elpaal/
Imnah
Perez
Shuthelah
Eladah
Elead
Sekhemkare Abazu/Buhazuum (Mehujael II) Zabad/Ezer
Abiezer
Tahath
Ishvah/vi
Issachar
Sheresh
Hezron
Senusret II
Reniseneb?
Belu
Ipti-yamuta?
("God Killer")
Jared
(Seth/Irad II)
Beriah
Bered
Jacob
Beriah
Jair
Jerahmeel
Senusret III Suma-abum
Gungunum
Gandash
Kun (China)
Methuseleh
(Mehushael II)
(Jubal II)
Ishod
Shashak
Resheph
Khendjer Azarah/
Asmadu ("Mazda")
Abi-sare
Lamech II Abi-ezra  Birzaith
Amenemhet III Sumulael Noah II Hotham Telah
Amenemhet IV Sabium
Kashtiliashu I
Shem II
Jabal II
Shomer
Aaron
Tahan
Hobab
Inyotef IV
(Yousef)
Ameny-Inyotef?
(Sankhibre)
Ameny-the-Asiatic?
Ushpiya
Yu (China)
Abi-yamuta?
Yarim-Lim?
Sumalika?
Enoch II
Japheth II
Elam (El-am)
Japhlet
Rekem
Rakem
Raham
Jechubbah
Ulam/Onam
Joseph
Anath
Amram
Zophah A
Likhi
Sobekhotep IV Shamshi-Adad Asshur    
Sobekhotep II
(Sekhemre-Khutawy)
Apil-Sin Arphaxad Zophah B Taphuah
  Warad-Sin?
Abi-ditana?
Lud/Libni Laadan Bedan
Sobekhotep III
Prince Montuhotep
Rim-Sin
Agum I?
Aram Shechem Ram
Prince Haankhaf   Cainan Ahian Ahi/Ken
Neferhotep I Sin-Muballit
Shilli-Adad
Shelah/Salah Harnepher
Shilshah
Ammihud
Hod
Si-Hathor Zimri-Lim   Aniam Roghah
Auibre Hor
Wahibre Iayib
Hammurabi Eber/Heber
(Moses)
Shammai
Jorkeam
Shamgar?
Rephah
Smenkhkare
(Imyromesha)
Smenkare
(Ameny-Qemau)?
Samsu-iluna
Illishuma
(probably same
as Warad-Sin)
Joktan Joachin
(John)
Amminadab?
Elishama
Amenemhet V
(Hor-nedj-heritef)
"son of Qemau"
    Almodad?  
Dedumisiu I
(Dudimose)
Eshnunna
Dadusha
Daad(-?)
Peleg Pascah
Nahshon
Nun/Non
Neferhotep II
Salitis
Abi-eshuuh
Ibal-pi-el
Apiashal?
Reu/Reuel Salmon
Elimelech
Joshua
Aphiah
Suah
Yakubher Ammi-ditana Serug Boaz Becorath
Khyan Ammi-saduqaKakrime Nahor I Obed Zeror
Apophis / Tao 4
Senakhtenre
Samsu-ditana
Burnaburiash I
Puzur-Asshur?
ShuaTerah Jeiel
Jesse
Abiel
Joash
Djehuty/
Teti/Ibrim
  Abram/Abraham Eliab 5
    Nahor II Judah III Caleb II6
    Haran Kish
Achish
Kenez
Sequenenre Tao II
(Apophis II)
  Mamre Toi/Tou  Gideon
Jerub-
Baal7
Kamose   Iscah Saul Othniel
Ahmose   Tahash Nahash  
Amenhotep I   Aner Hanan Phurah
Thutmose I   Abimelech David8 Abimelech
Thutmose II   Perez II/Ephron Panes Jotham
Senenmut   Zerah Ahithophel  
Hatshepsut   Ahuzzah Absalom
Tah-
Panes9
 
Thutmose III (Yii)   Isaac (Yitschaq) 8  
Amenhotep II (Yey)   Jacob (Yaaqob) 10  
Thutmose IV (Yehi)   Judah IV
(Yehuwdah)
8  
Amenhotep III   Shiloh Solomon 10
Akhenaten   Moses II    
Tutankhamun   Joshua II    

  1. The order of the Babylonian king list prior to Suma-abum, founder of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon, is uncertain. An initial attempt to correlate the list with the Patriarchs of Genesis was made by David Rohl in Legend, Chapter 6.  Association of these proto-1st Dynasty Babylonian kings with Egyptian Middle Kingdom pharaohs and the Biblical genealogy of Joshua son of Nun is made here.  The additional sources used in this study have allowed some refinement of Rohl's earlier identifications. 
  2. Amenemhet II's praenomen includes Nub ("golden"), which corresponds to the Mesopotamian name Nuabu.  Senusret II aligns with Jered, which means "fugitive." Jered is synonymous with Beriah.  Auy (Auyibre) and Rephah are synonymous and mean "to support, succor." The name Azarah ("help") and the Egyptian Djer are synonymous. Ushpiya equates to Inyotef.  The Hebrew word ashpah (fig. "a covering") is synonymous with tef/tsaph.   The pharaohs of the 12th Dynasty were exceptionally long-lived.  For example, Senusret III reigned 41 years.  Therefore, a number of co-regents would have died before becoming kings in their own right.  It is known that Amenemhet I appointed his son Senusret as successor 10 years prior to his death.  Wegaf would have been his previous co-regent.  Co-regents who predeceased the ruling pharaoh were placed in the "unlucky 13th Dynasty" king list by Manetho.  The genealogies of Joshua, Jesse and Abram are "birthright threads" or "king-lists," and not true genealogies.  Successive patriarchs are often not father and son. The genealogies of Middle and New Kingdom pharaohs are not known from archaeology.  However, they can be derived from the genealogies and narratives included in the Bible.
  3. Jabal was called father to all that live in tents, that is Semitic peoples.
  4. Samsu-ditana of Babylon and Senakhtenre of Egypt are one and the same king, and correspond to the Biblical Terah, father of Abram (Egy. Ibrim/Djehuty), Nahor and Haran.
  5. Abram is the unnamed "Lord" that appeared to Gideon and led him in battle (See Chapter 12).
  6. The Bible states that Caleb son of Jephunneh was preserved an additional 45 years in order to receive his inheritance.  In actuality, the second Caleb (a.k.a. Nahor son of Terah) claimed the rights of the first. Terah became a "Jephunneh" after his overthrow in Babylon.  The name Jephunneh is based on the verb panah (6437) "to turn:- cast out, go away, (re)turn, turn (aside, away, back)"
  7. Tao and Baal have the same meaning, i.e., "the Master."
  8. David was favored at a young age (1 Sam 16), probably by his grandfather Obed (the Hyksos "Lord" Khyan).  David (Dvd) is a Hebrew transliteration of Thut (Twt).  The Biblical account of David is primarily based on Thutmose I, however events from the life of Thutmose III (and possibly Thutmose IV) are also included, which resulted in a composite biography.
  9. Tahpanes is a transliteration of the Egyptian Ta-Pere, "belonging to Pere," Thutmose II. Hatshepsut was first the queen of Thutmose II.  After the death of Thutmose III, she became a pharoah in her own right, and assumed a masculine identity. The primary account of Hatshepsut is that of David's "son" Absalom (See Chapter 14).
  10. The Biblical account of Solomon is primarily based on Amenhotep III.  However, the reign of Amenhotep II is composited with Amenhotep III, as was done with Thutmose I & III.
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